Iron Cage - Max Webers Theory of Rationality

Iron Cage - Max Webers Theory of Rationality One of the theoretical concepts that Max Weber, founding sociologist, is most well known for is the iron cage. Weber first presented this theory in his important and widely taught work,  The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, however, he  wrote in German, so never actually used the phrase himself. It was American sociologist Talcott Parsons who coined it, in his original translation of Webers book, published in 1930. In the original work, Weber referred to a  stahlhartes Gehuse, which literally translated means housing hard as steel. Parsons translation into iron cage, though, is largely accepted as an accurate rendering of the metaphor offered by Weber. Understanding Webers Iron Cage In  The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber presented a carefully researched historical account of how a strong Protestant work ethic and belief in living frugally helped foster the development of the capitalist economic system in the Western world. Weber explained that as the force of Protestantism decreased in social life over time, the system of capitalism remained, as did the social structure and principles of bureaucracy that had evolved along with it. This bureaucratic social structure, and the values, beliefs, and worldviews that supported and sustained it, became central to shaping social life. It was this very phenomenon that Weber conceived of as an iron cage. The reference to this concept comes on page 181 of Parsons translation. It reads: The Puritan wanted to work in a calling; we are forced to do so. For when asceticism was carried out of monastic cells into everyday life, and began to dominant worldly morality, it did its part in building the tremendous cosmos of the modern economic order. Simply put, Weber suggests that the technological and economic relationships that organized and grew out of capitalist production became themselves fundamental forces in society. Thus, if you are born into a society organized this way, with the division of labor and hierarchical social structure that comes with it, you cant help but live within this system. As such, ones life and worldview are shaped by it to such an extent that one probably cant even imagine what an alternative way of life would look like. So, those born into the cage live out its dictates, and in doing so, reproduce the cage in perpetuity. For this reason, Weber considered the iron cage a massive hindrance to freedom. Why Sociologists Embrace Webers Iron Cage This concept proved very useful to social theorists and researchers who followed Weber. Most notably, the  critical theorists associated with the Frankfurt School  in Germany, who were active during the middle of the twentieth century, elaborated on this concept. They witnessed further technological developments and their impact on capitalist production and culture  and saw that these only intensified the ability of the iron cage to shape and constrain our behavior and thought. Webers concept remains important to sociologists today because the iron cage of techno-rational thought, practices, relations, and capitalism   now a global system   shows no signs of disintegrating anytime soon. The influence of this iron cage leads to some very serious problems that social scientists and others are now working to solve. For example, how can we overcome the force of the iron cage to address the threats of climate change, produced by the very cage itself? And, how can we convince people that the system within the cage is  not  working in their best interest, evidenced by the shocking wealth inequality that divides many Western nations?

Domino's Pizza VS. Pizza Hut Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Domino's Pizza VS. Pizza Hut - Assignment Example Originally, the company was known as Dominick’s until it was purchased by Tom Monaghan who was the sole of owner of Domino’s. He saw some rapid growth in the company and after 38 years of success, Tom Monaghan sold over 90 percent share to Bain Capital Inc. The company stayed as a private limited company; however, after 6 more years, the shares were issued in the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol of DPZ. Since then, the company has been a hot attraction for investors. VLCEK, D. J., & DAVIDSON, J. P. (1992). The domino effect: how to grow sales, profits, and market share through super vision. Homewood, Ill, Business One Irwin. Papa John’s Pizza is another famous pizza delivery corporation in the U.S and is one of the largest pizza chains in the world. It is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. Papa John’s has also been growing internationally with over 500 franchises in more than 30 countries. Thin crust pizza has been the company’s specialt y since its start. The company is a public limited company with thirty percent of its shares with John Schnatter, the founder of the company. Fast food companies have been a major attraction for investors during the years as they see greater potential returns. Restaurants such as McDonalds have received a lot of positive reviews in terms of performance and now the investors are looking to invest in other food companies like Papa John/’s and Domino’s. FRANCHISEHELP, INC. (1998). Papa John's: better ingredients, better pizza. Elmsford, N.Y., FranchiseHelp. To compare different companies, the potential investors need to look at the final accounts of the company which include a profit and loss account/ Income statement, the balance sheet, and the cash flow statement. These are the 3 financial accounts that are enough for any investor if he/she needs to find compare 2 similar companies for a higher return. The financial statements measure the performance, the liquidity and the financial worth of the business which is essential for all future shareholders. However, the statements are not solely enough for the decision to invest. Ratio analysis has been widely used by several companies in order to make better decisions. These ratios can help an investor compare different companies for a higher return. As these 2 top fast food chains are public limited companies, their financial statements are available on their specific websites. This information needs to be disclosed as the trading is done in the stock exchange and the public needs to buy there share therefore; the information needs to be available to the public. The accounts for both the companies are drawn below with the latest data from the end of the last financial year of the company. Financia l accounts of both the pizza chains The income statement shows the performance of the business in terms of its basic operations. The profit that is made shows how efficient has the business been in the financial year. Domino’s Pizza Inc. Income Statement For the Years Ended January 3, January 2, 2010 $000 2011 $000 REVENUES: Domestic Company-owned stores

REFUGEE LAW AND PROTECTED PERSON in Canada Essay

REFUGEE LAW AND PROTECTED PERSON in Canada - Essay Example Firstly, the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada together with Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) provides for protection when a person cannot live permanently without fear of persecution (Canadians, 2010). In assessing gravity of Serbians in Croatia, we find that the client meet this constitutional provision. In assessing magnitude of torture and persecution in Croatia, it will be prudent to examine Croatia and â€Å"Ethnic Cleansing† (http://www.cgs.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/download/cgs01_07_shimizu). In this article, it details how hundreds of thousands of Serbian became victim of genocide. As early as 1941, 750,000 defenseless Serbs were killed in cold blood (Daiute & Turniski, 2005). UNHCR report blames political rivalry during these early phases of anti-Serbian campaigns (http://www.refworld.org/country,,,,HRV,,553f617f4,0.html). In the recent past, the Croatian captured media attention when Whistle blower Chris Hedges came out to highlight plight of Serbians in 1998. The International Criminal Court (ICC) implicated Defense Minister Gojko Susak for the senseless killings of Serbians (http://45lines.com/levar/scare/scare.html). More recently, the cry to end tribulations of the Serbian population continues to grow. Many young and old are living in fear. Roman Catholic Church, the majority rising against Orthodox mainly the Serbians is evident (http://archbishop-cranmer.blogspot.com/2011/04/at-last-true-horror-of-persecution-of.html). The report further is supported by the ICC decision that found guilty Anto Gotovina and Mlade Markac of commanding operations to kill the Serbian

Media studies coursework Essay Example for Free

Media studies coursework Essay This is a tabloid newspaper that has been designed for a certain variety of readers. It is a light hearted, easy to read institute that thrives on sex and scandal. Although the paper can be quite serious, for example where there are political issues to be discussed, they are constantly using humour in the paper to get the reader more involved with what they are reading. The chosen institute is the Daily Mirror a rival of many other tabloid papers like the Sun newspaper. The paper is dated Monday March 17 2003 and priced at 25 pence. The main news events are Michael Jacksons interview with Martin Bashir and the fact that there may not only be one Saddam Hussein on this earth. These stories are newsworthy because the war is currently in the public eye; also the public want to know about celebrities as it refers to scandal on the front page. The main focus on this particular front page is the interview that took place between Michael Jackson and Martin Bashir; it draws your attention straight away as there is a very strong coloured image that is bigger than anything else on the page. This story also gets the lead story headline that the reader is drawn to straight away as the font is black on a white background making it stand out. It is also in block capitals making it easy and clear to read. The coloured image of Jackson and Bashir has been given a third of the page but the whole story has been given over half the page. The headline that reads Split of truth works very well with the still image. The image that has been chosen is very strong because it shows that Bashir has been welcomed into Jackson house like a friend and he has gone and betrayed him. To the reader this is scandal, and then even better there is a very well known celebrity involved. There is also a side headline advertising that if you want the full story of what happened during the interview, there are another four pages that have been dedicated to the story. Over the black background, in white it says Bashir betrays Jacko the reader will want to know how exactly Jackson has been betrayed. This is the main point of this news event that Michael Jackson has been betrayed. This particular story is taking Jacksons point of view in consideration, and is taking the opportunity to only express one view. The interview of Michaels former wife has been used on the front page as this makes the report more believable; when the quote from his former wife was used on the front page it was not finished as this will make the reader want to buy the paper in order to read on. The secondary lead is the one concerning that there may be more than one Saddam Hussein. It has been dedicated about a quarter of the page. Lots of coloured images of Saddam Hussein have been used; making it go very well with the headline title Spot the difference this has been written in white in a stencilled army font. Then it has been placed over a dark background making it clear. The secondary headline is relatively small being careful not to take the attention away from the lead story. Below the headline it say Special report! this suggests to the reader that only this institute has the answers you are looking for and it is special because nobody else has it. Coming of the left hand bottom corner is a magnifier with a brief explanation of what the story is about. The main point of the article is that there is more than one Saddam Hussein, and the angle that is being taken is that the truth will be revealed. The small explanation is very short but suggests that lots of research has been done on the matter, making the evidence believable. The language used for the lead story is very informal as this reading material is for a wide variety of people. The headline Split of truth is almost a play of words to go with the split image, giving the story a less serious side. In this particular story, it has taken a biased angle of siding with Michael Jackson, you can detect this from the way in which the side headline says Bashir betrays Jacko although the paper has taken Jacksons point of view they still dont let the seriousness of the event overcome the story completely so they still refer to Jackson as Jacko a name that has been given to him originally from the media. The language used for the secondary lead is also informal, using words to play with there images like Spot the difference something that the naked eye cannot do, so they are trying to convince the reader that they have the evidence to prove what some say to be right, this almost show a biased angle suggesting that what they are saying is the truth. Humour has been used in both stories with the way it refers to Michael as Jacko and the way in which the secondary story has been set out. It has been used as this get the reader more involved with what they are reading, it is also more likely that it will stick in their head and they will tell others what they have read. The sentence length used for the headlines is short and snappy allowing the reader to remember what they have read. The paper is edited to welcome an audience of different race, class, gender, sexuality and religion. You can see this from any of the stories, nothing has been pointed at any of these issues, nor are there any innuendos that have been made to any of these aspects. The editors have to be careful not to offend anybody in this manor as many of there own readers are of different sex, class, religion etc. It is also open to reader of all ages as they include stars like Jackson who are loved by children all across the glob and the language is in a gossipy form making it easy to read and more fun. The audience are free to make any points they wish to, this is one reason why I believe it is good that the stories are bias, so the tabloid are able to make a reaction something which they would not be able to achieve if both sides of the argument were given. When the audience are reading this they are able to read it in an active way as only one side of the story has been expressed. The front page is set out in a very clear way making it easy for the reader to pick up on something if they disagree with it. The use of colour and catchy headline make the paper appear to be very attractive. On this front page Michael Jackson has been represented in a positive way, giving him a chance to tell his story of what happened. The overall view of the front page is that of the good features that are its focus, which dont just concentrate on one particular story but each one has a good point about it whether it be a catchy headline, attractive colour picture like the one of Michael Jackson and Martin Bashir that gives a strong image to the story or the use of humour, not only used in the main story but used in the second lead to. Excellent use of phases like special report definitely imparts the reader towards the news. The only bad point about this front page was for the secondary lead there could have been some use of quotation for the reader to see, although I think that the image that has been used is enough to make a reader pick up this particular tabloid paper. I believe that this front cover is successful in its target audience because there is something for everyone, it just depends on whether the reader would like to read something light hearted or a bit more serious.

The Seaweed Is Always Greener :: Essays Papeers

The Seaweed Is Always Greener The idealized portrait of love painted in Disney’s The Little Mermaid leaves a sad impression for reality. The love at first sight and concept of a soul mate are not only portrayed as the romanticized â€Å"true love† (a common theme in Disney films) but are questioned by reliance on physical attributes. The necessity to change in order to obtain that love is portrayed to extremity. The film’s focus on â€Å"true love†, and the self sacrifice made to obtain it, give the target audience a notion that it is not only acceptable, but mandatory, to alter one’s self in order to achieve acceptance and love. Ariel’s state of being an unhappy teenage girl targets an audience not only of young girls, like most Disney films, but ones who are unhappy with their life. Her father is portrayed as over-reactive with a volatile temper, which many girls at such an age think of their fathers as being, though he is redeemed throughout the movie. She wants to travel, to run away, and is displeased with her physical attributes, all characteristics of many teenage girls. Her actions, however, make her a poor role model, as she goes through with all these changes. Eric says to Grimsby after being rescued by Ariel that †she’s the one.† All he remembered of her was her song and perhaps a dim recollection of her face. He has made the decision of his life mate based on that alone, a meeting in which he was not even conscious. All he had to do to fall in love with her was to be in her presence, not even awake. They never spoke, never even met eyes, and Eric doesn’t even know that this girl with whom he is in love is not even of the same species as he is. Ariel has a bit more information on Eric, but is caught by his appearance. She is somewhat acquainted with his character from her observations on the side of the boat, but only that which was shown in a brief window. In order to meet him, with no guarantee of success in winning his love, she sacrifices herself to the sea witch. She terminally abandons her family and friends, her home and her life, never able to return, in a gamble to attempt to fulfill her lustful desires.

Cendant Corporation

Cendant Corporation [1] (a) Related parties make decisions based on information provided through financial statements. It is the auditor’s responsibility to plan and perform audit engagement to offer reasonable assurance that the financial statements are correct and fair. (b) The two main categories of fraud that affect financial reporting include misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting and misstatements arising from misappropriation of assets. c) Factors that auditor’s should consider when assessing the likelihood of material misstatements due to fraud include: whether or not the company has a reason to make something seem consistent (rationalization), whether or not the company or individuals have an incentive or pressure on them, and whether or not the company has the opportunity to commit fraud. (d) Many factors existed during the 1995 to 1997 audits of CUC that created an environment conductive for fraud. For example, CUC’s top management w as aggressive to increase their market share due to the pressure put on them to meet analyst expectations.CUC had been committing the same type of fraud for many years before 1995, so it was rational for them to maintain their consistency. One person even stated that he thought he was only doing his job. The adjustments that were made at the end of each year brought about the opportunity for CUC to also commit fraud. [3] (a) In the Cendant fraud management override occurred when the CUC management recognized deferred revenue as revenue immediately, or delaying recognition of membership cancelations. (b) To further address the risk of management override of internal controls auditors must remain skeptical that management override exists.Auditors should also become familiar with the company and it’s internal controls upon acceptance. [5] (a) A company may want to hire a member of its external audit team because the auditor is familiar with the company, or management has develop ed a strong working relationship with the auditor from working on the audit together. (b) If the client has hired former auditors it might affect the independence of the existing external auditors in fact and appearance. Current auditors may rely on the representation made by former co-workers.

The Issue Of Juvenile Drug Possession - 1824 Words

Oliveira 1 There is a long debate about where to draw the line for children and adults when it comes to criminal offense. To that end, children who have committed adult crimes are instead tried in what is now family court. Thanks now children can be held accountable for their actions. Once such statute for this is 21a-278. This statute is split into parts a and b, with a â€Å"penalty for illegal manufacture, distribution, sale†¦or administration†. In the United States, juvenile drug possession occurs whenever a person under the age of eighteen knowingly owns a regulated drug or substance without a legal reason or permission. Being in possession of illegal substances is a crime in all states. Usually, a juvenile is pulled over by a police officer who notices the drugs somewhere in the car either by searching it or interrogating the driver. The common drugs that juveniles are pulled over for are marijuana, metaphetamine, or similar ones. In addition, possessing drugs without a doctor’s prescription can also lead to a drug possession charge. There are exceptions. Sometimes, a juvenile sometimes possesses something like oxycontin, but nothing illegal occurs unless the juvenile gives some of it away to another minor; thus, both get charged, one for possession and the other for using. The rules for a juvenile to be convicted are much harsher, in a sense, than it would be for Oliveira 2 an adult. 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Juvenile offenders should be tried as adults because juvenile crimes are equally horrendous as an adults’; however, instead of just looking at the offender’s biological age, courts should consider their mental age along with trying to provide therapy/rehabilitation rather than incarceration.   Ã‚  Ã‚   To